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The Iran hostage crisis ((ペルシア語:بحران گروگانگیری در ایران)) was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States. Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days (November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981), after a group of Iranian students, belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who were supporting the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran.〔(Iran–U.S. Hostage Crisis (1979–1981) )〕 President Jimmy Carter called the hostages "victims of terrorism and anarchy," adding that "the United States will not yield to blackmail."〔(State of the Union Address by President Carter ), January 23, 1980〕 The crisis was described by the western media as an "entanglement" of "vengeance and mutual incomprehension." In Iran, the hostage taking was widely seen as a blow against the United States and its influence in Iran, its perceived attempts to undermine the Iranian Revolution, and its longstanding support of the recently overthrown Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who had led a totalitarian regime with American support. Following his overthrow in 1979, the Shah was admitted to the U.S. for medical treatment of cancer. The Iranians demanded that the Shah be returned to Iran for trial and execution for crimes he was accused of committing during his reign. Specifically, they accused the Shah of crimes against Iranian citizens with the help of his secret police, the SAVAK. Iranians saw the asylum granted by the U.S. as American complicity in the atrocities the Shah had committed. In the United States, the hostage-taking was seen as an egregious violation of the principles of international law which granted diplomats immunity from arrest and diplomatic compounds' inviolability.〔"Doing Satan's Work in Iran", ''New York Times'', November 6, 1979.〕〔Kinzer, Stephen. (2003). All The Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Nalle, David. (2003). All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. Middle East Policy, Vol. X (4), 148-155. Pryce-Jones, David. (2003). A Very Elegant Coup. National Review, 55 (17), 48-50.〕 The hostage crisis reached a climax when, after failed attempts to negotiate a release of the hostages, the United States military attempted a rescue operation using ships including the and that were patrolling the waters near Iran. On April 24, 1980, Operation Eagle Claw failed, resulting in the deaths of eight American servicemen, one Iranian civilian, as well as the destruction of two aircraft. Published documents dated two weeks before the operation claim that National Security Advisor, Zbigniew Brzezinski, discussed the potential for an invasion of Iran through Turkish bases and territory, though this plan was never executed.〔Mehmet Akif Okur, ("The American Geopolitical Interests and Turkey on the Eve of the September 12, 1980 Coup", ) CTAD, Vol.11, No.21, p. 210-211〕〔((Dead link) )〕 The Shah left the United States in December 1979 and was ultimately granted asylum in Egypt, where he died from complications of cancer on July 27, 1980. In September of 1980, the military of Iraq invaded Iran, marking the beginning of the Iran-Iraq War. These events led the Iranian government to enter negotiations with the U.S., with Algeria acting as mediator. The hostages were formally released into United States custody the day after the signing of the Algiers Accords, just minutes after the new American president, Ronald Reagan, was sworn into office. Considered a pivotal episode in the history of Iran–United States relations,〔(Inside Iran's Fury, Stephen Kinzer, Smithsonian magazine, October 2008 )〕 political analysts cite the crisis as having weighed heavily on Jimmy Carter's presidency and run for reelection in the 1980 presidential election.〔(Reagan's Lucky Day: Iranian Hostage Crisis Helped The Great Communicator To Victory ), CBS News, January 21, 2001〕 In Iran, the crisis strengthened the prestige of the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and the political power of those who supported theocracy and opposed any normalization of relations with the West.〔Mackey, Sandra, ''The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation'', New York: Dutton, c. 1996 (p. 298)〕 The crisis also marked the beginning of U.S. legal action resulting in economic sanctions against Iran, further weakening ties between Iran and the United States.〔(History Of U.S. Sanctions Against Iran ) Middle East Economic Survey, 26-August-2002〕 ==Background== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Iran hostage crisis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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